Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, etc., to the respective metals. This is because these metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. These metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction.
For example, sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides. The metals are deposited at the cathode (the negatively charged electrode), whereas, chlorine is liberated at the anode (the positively charged electrode). The reactions are : At cathode (Na⁺) + (e⁻) → Na ; At anode (2Cl⁻) → Cl2 + (2e⁻) Similarly, aluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide.
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This gravitational attraction does indeed cause the Moon to move, but it also has a significant sideways motion. When an electric current is passed through concentrated sodium chloride solution, hydrogen gas forms at the negative electrode, chlorine gas forms at the positive electrode, and a solution of sodium hydroxide also forms.
You might have expected sodium metal to be deposited at the negative electrode. However, sodium is too reactive for this to happen so hydrogen is given off instead. During electrolysis: • hydrogen ions H+(aq) (from the water) are discharged at the negative electrode as hydrogen gas, H2(g) • chloride ions Cl–(aq) (from the dissolved sodium chloride) are discharged at the positive electrode as chlorine gas, Cl2(g) • sodium ions Na+(aq) (from the dissolved sodium chloride) and hydroxide ions OH–(aq) (from the water) stay behind - they form sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq) • At the cathode (negative electrode), the H+ cations are reduced when they gain electrons: 2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g) • At the anode (positive electrode), the Cl- anions are oxidised when they lose electrons: 2Cl-(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e- Activity 2.1 NCERT Chapter 2 Metals and Non Metals
Indicator Acid Base Red litmus No Change Blue Blue Litmus Red No change Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink Methyl Orange Pink Yellow whether a substance is acidic or basic by Indictors are substance which change colour in acidic or basic media. Activity 2.2 There are some substances whose odour changes in in acidic or basic media. These are called olfactory indicators. Like onion vanilla, onion and clove. These changes smell in basic solution. Activity 2.3 Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add few pieces of zinc granules to it. => You will observe bubbles of hydrogen gas on the surface of zinc granules. Zn + H2SO4 -- >. ZnSO4 + H2 => Pass the Hydrogen gas through the soap solution. Bubbles formed in the soap solution as Hydrogen gas it does not get dissolved in it. Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble. Candle burn with pop sound. The metal combines with the acid and forms a compound called a salt. Read full post NCERT Activity 2.1 to 2.14 |
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